MASTURBATION: FANTASIES, METHODS & FREQUENCY
BY EDWARD BRONGERSMA

“Masturbation: Fantasies, Methods & Frequency”, is part of “The Outlets”, the final section of “Boys and their Sexuality”, the third chapter of Loving Boys, the encyclopaedic study of Greek love by the eminent Dutch lawyer, Edward Brongersma, of which the first volume (including this) was published by Global Academic Publishers in New York in 1986.

The illustrations of boys in this article are taken from Pan, a magazine about boy-love (Amsterdam, 1979-85) simply because Brongersma was a regular contributor to it while writing Loving Boys, so it is close to him in spirit.

Another well spring of worry can be dried up by adequate information. Not a few boys fantasise their male friends and their genitals while masturbating, and the thought that this means they are essentially homophilic may cause considerable anguish. It is thus necessary to explain to a boy, as soon as masturbation commences, that such fantasies are universal and normal and are indulged in by people whose later orientation will be wholly heterosexual. The same may be said of sadistic imaginings, also common at this age.^[1] Not all sexual fantasies should be regarded as suppressed wishes. Sado-masochistic fantasies especially may be entertained by people who would never wish, or even be mentally able, to realize.^[2] It would seem to be sound advice to tell the boy not to spasmodically repress the fantasies which obtrude upon his mind, but to deliberately and calmly abandon himself to them.^[3] An amusing example of acceptance can be read in a novel by Tournier wherein a schoolboy on holiday sends this postcard greeting to his close friend: “I just emptied my seminal vesicles to your health!^[4]

87 In his fantasies, Jethro (17 years of age) is a sadist. “All my fantasies deal with someone being raped by me or someone else (…) The victim is always a boy.” The boy is naked, tied spread-eagled on a bed. Jethro, naked himself and with a steadily hardening penis, is torturing his victim: he spits in his face, pulls his hair, sits on his head. Soon he has a firm erection. “The boy struggling beneath me makes it even harder. I force his mouth open and shove my prick in as far as it will go (…) I can see and hear him choking and gagging and this and his efforts to get up are just about making me go crazy, but I don’t let him up until I’ve shot my whole load down his throat and made him swallow every drop. I then sit back and look at his face dripping with my come (…) I let my balls fall all over his face, jamming my prick into his nose and eyes, making him beg me to stop.” Eventually Jethro pisses and shits on the face of his victim. “I often fantasise about watching a group of two or three boys raping a young boy (…) They fuck, shit on, piss on, force to suck and degrade the boy, all to my arousal. Sometimes I fantasise about being raped with way I rape the boy (…) In all my fantasies it seems as though I am brutally hurting the boy, yet in real life I would never think of beating anybody or causing any kind of physical harm. In real life I am in love with another boy at my high school. I would do anything for him. It seems strange but I would never dream of doing the things I do in my fantasies with him.^[5]

In an investigation of German boys 12 to 18 years of age, only 13% admitted to have ever masturbated with homosexual fantasies and only 3% said that they mostly did so. Heterosexual fantasies, on the other hand, occupied the minds of 95%, and with 73% this was mostly the case. 81% had used pictures or written stories to stimulate their fantasy: 19% used them most of the time. 38% had masturbated looking at their own naked bodies in a mirror and 1% did this regularly.^[6] 

In the archives of the Brongersma Foundation are the results of an unpublished survey made by a psychologist (1980) of 74 grammar school boys in a southern German city. The boys, aged 9-17 years (median 13.9), were selected in that only those whose parents consented to their sons’ participation were questioned. Only the six youngest (9-10 years) denied that they masturbated. This is the first investigation, to my knowledge, in which boys have given detailed information about the content of their masturbatory fantasies. Many boys mentioned more than one theme. Two boys (twin brothers) said they had no fantasies at all. With 46 boys their fantasies were exclusively heterosexual; with 14 exclusively homosexual; with 6 they were mixed. Fantasy content and themes mentioned were:

Heterosexual:
my girl friend, a girl (10); naked women (13); (big) tits (16); a (naked, hairy) cunt (19); fucking (11); arse-fucking (3).

Homosexual:
my friend, a boy (7); a (stiff) cock (and big balls) (9); jerking off (8); rough-housing with a boy (1); seeing a boy jerking off (3); arse-fucking (1).

In their sexual fantasies, males shake off the burdens of civilisation imposed upon them by parents and society and become once again uninhibited animals, says Nancy Friday.^[7] Her inquiry into men’s sexual fantasies resulted in an interesting collection of them from some 3,000 subjects, including a number of teenage boys. A few examples from her book: Virgil, 13, together with his best friend, assaults a girl he knows. At first she resists, but finally she wants to be fucked, which both boys do (319-320). Clark, 14, has a powerful urge to have sex with someone. He invites a 14-year-old Arab schoolmate to sleep with him. The Arab boy has a penis 8 inches long and rather wide, and he puts this in Clark’s anus and fucks him endlessly through the whole night. Later the Arab boy brings Clark other boys and a 30-year-old man, also with an enormous penis: they all fuck him. Clark starts body-building with these people and so earns the respect of the girls at school. He has sex with the most beautiful of these girls (380- 381). Sherwin, when he reached puberty at age eleven, first had romantic dreams about girls. When he turned fourteen his fantasies shifted to incest, rape, paedophilia and even incredibly gory sadistic themes (522). Andrew, 14, can look through holes into a swimming pool changing room and so sees “a lot of cunts and tits”. His fantasy is to masturbate in under-panties soiled with vaginal juices. The lady whose under panties he uses invites him to have sex with her. Or he visits a whore house (526-527). Arthur, 15, is drawn to boys his own age. He fantasises being stripped by his comrades in a locker room. When they see his huge erection they are stunned. He is made to suck one of them off, and then he fucks another. He would like to realise this fantasy (408-409). Joe, 15, sometimes masturbates four times a day. His fantasy is to meet a 30-year-old man in the showers. Looking at each other, they both get erections. Finally they suck each other and fuck each other and have intercrural sex. “I’d love to fulfill that fantasy.” (414-416) Vernon, 15, “unfortunately a virgin”, fantasises about skinny dipping in a pool with a girl and then screwing her (511). Bobby, just turned 15, fantasises about a harem of 50 chicks who “rip my clothes off and make me fuck each of them. All those wet cunts…” and about fucking a girl in the middle of Broadway with everyone watching (520-521). Milt, 15, masturbates an average of two or three times a day, and on some days four or five times, to relieve his pent-up desire. His fantasies “range far and wide, from animals to girls to other guys” (529-530). Jonas, 16, fantasises about a young male who goes down on him after he has gone down on the young male. “I would like this to happen, but not now.” (404) Tommy, 16 and very horny, has had sex with both sexes, but prefers well-hung men. His fantasy is about being raped by a good-looking guy who, after sucking him, gets three other friends to tie him down. Tommy is made to suck one man, while another “would shove my hard cock up his ass and go up and down.” One man, who has been sucking another, would at the end spit it out all over Tommy (404-405). Red was 12 when he was made to tick the penises of some older boys in the woods. Now, at 20, he fantasises about that a lot. He has had sex with women and men. When he was fifteen he fantasised feeling up males and females, stripping them and posing them in sexual positions with others. His latest fantasy is about being sucked and raped by a girl (406-408).

It was just to these masturbatory fantasies that the voluminous treatise Masturbation from Infancy to Senescence edited by Marcus and Francis, attributes so much importance. Among the 13- to 15-year-old boys in Sorensen’s investigation, 4% said they never had such fantasies, 11% said they had them rarely, 23% sometimes and 55% mostly.^[8] But Hanry may well be right when he says fantasies are always present, although sometimes unconscious, unacceptable because of their content.^[9] Amongst those who masturbate regularly, only 2% are unaware of accompanying conscious fantasising; among those who masturbate only from time to time the figure rises to 6%.^[10]

During the 1967 panel on masturbation of the American Psychoanalytic Association, the point was made that the conscious or unconscious fantasies accompanying masturbation during childhood contributed to the development of personality and object relations.^[11] The constructive potential of masturbation in the sexual development of a boy is much greater than in that of a girl.^[12]

It is only very gradually, after puberty, that a well-defined image emerges in masturbatory fantasy of the desired sex partner. For a majority of boys this image is of naked girls; a minority will conjure images of naked boys. At the outset, thoughts about a girl the subject knows well, loves and romantically idealises, will be avoided. The loved one is put on a pedestal, untouchable, even unreachable, by the desires of the flesh. With healthy development, this inhibition gradually disappears.

But we should bear in mind what Beets says about the masturbating boy: “It would be well for us to know what he doesn’t dare, or doesn’t want, to think about!^[13]. Feelings of shame and guilt concerning the content of masturbation fantasies, being afraid of sexual excitement and attempts to dispel sexual images from the mind characterise the young victims of a sex-negative culture.^[14]

Where masturbation anxiety becomes so distressing as to block sexual self-relief, escape may be attempted by dangerous games, reckless driving, risks of all kinds. Or the boy may become accident-prone, apathetic or show a tendency to procrastinate. “Masturbation has an essential function during adolescence without which crucial tasks could not be performed.^[15] “Masturbation and its attendant conflicts may therefore be viewed as necessary, unavoidable, and even desirable since they serve as a spur to the development of the individual in his relation to his body, himself and his objects.^[16]

No one disputes the fact that exercise and use are essential if every organ of the body is to remain healthy: organs weaken and wither if they aren’t made to function. So it is curious, to say the least, that so few people admit that this applies to the sexual organs as well.^[17] But in our culture everything relating to sex is put into a very special category and treated as if all ordinary rules are no longer valid. Only by disregarding this rather fundamental tendency of nature can one pretend that it harms a boy for him to obtain orgasm on his own and ejaculate his seed. Nature teaches otherwise, that his body needs this exercise. Telling a boy sickening myths, charging him with guilt over his “sinning” – that is “corruption of youth”!

And this corruption has not been completely left behind, not everywhere. A recent survey among Swiss boarding school boys (average age 16.9) showed that 16% of them felt guilty about their masturbation, 11% thought of it as a burden and 3% considered it a sin.^[18]

Masturbation allows the boy to get acquainted with the reaction of his genitals to stimulation, so he can devise ways to be their master (rather than the other way around!). Later, in having intercourse with a partner, he will profit from having done this. His masturbatory experience will help him shape his ensuing sexual relationships so they are more pleasing to both partners.^[19] 

Some boys are very inventive in devising different ways of stimulating their penises, but simple rubbing with the hand is by far the most common practice. According to an investigation of 12- to 18-year-old German boys, no less than 86% preferred to do it this way; 44% had done it by moving their penises against the mattress (only 9% preferred this method) and 25% had obtained orgasm by pressing their thighs together (a preference of only 3%).^[20] Very similar percentages were found by Hite.^[21] Many try to suck themselves off (auto-fellatio) but, according to Haeberle^[22], only about one out of a hundred succeeds with such acrobatics.

Most important are the methods one can use to prolong the act, and descriptions and recommendations of how to do this should be part of all general sex education. As climax is approached, just before the point of no return beyond which ejaculation cannot be withheld, physical stimulation is interrupted until the feeling subsides a bit, when the movements can be resumed. By so doing, sexual pleasure can be enormously extended and the final climax made more powerful.^[23] In Hite’s sample, 60% of the males followed this practice. A boy skilled in this practice will have greater staying power during intercourse and thus be better able to satisfy his partner. There are regions in Italy where adolescents are famed for their mastery of this art. Ellis^[24] has written of the Oneida community in the United States where young boys were systematically trained by older, post-menopausal women until they were able to postpone orgasm during sexual union for hours. In this case, the purpose was to satisfy the male by exhausting him, and thus avoid ejaculation altogether as a means of birth control. However, the practice of the Oneida shows to what extent training in this art can teach a boy to prolong the act, to the enormous profit of both partners. In Chapter Five we will return to this subject.

The same goal is still occasionally achieved: in Gauthier’s research one 30-year-old and one 55-year-old subject boasted of their capacity to extend physical union enormously by postponing ejaculation. The 55-year-old declared, “I can have fifty climaxes without emission of seed. My feelings are like those of a woman. My pleasure is just as strong as if I had ejaculated; my penis even softens afterwards. But I can start again after two minutes if I want to. And if I don’t want to, this means I am satisfied and I can go to sleep. “The younger man would continue until he and his partner began to feel pain: “It is a pain I love, directly connected with the lack of need for ejaculation.^[25]

This might well be the more healthy way of prolonging pleasure, but the one some boys nowadays prefer is using marijuana,^[26] like one of Gauthier’s subjects. Leo (see case No. 2) said he liked smoking it before having intercourse; it increased his sense of duration and his orgasm felt as though it went on for minutes rather than seconds and as if he were emitting an endless stream of seed.

Table 3. Masturbation Frequency of 638 German Boys (Ziegler)

Another fear associated with masturbation which should be put to rest in all sexual instruction is that doing it too frequently might weaken one’s body. First and foremost, an instructor should stress the extreme variability of sexual behaviour and the great differences in strength of sexual appetite and needs that are to be found among completely normal boys. Every boy should simply let his own natural impulses guide him. As long as his penis responds to stimulation by becoming erect there can be no question of masturbation to excess.^[27] “So it is impossible to say even that the individual who masturbates five or six times daily indulges to excess. Rather, it is likely that physical limitations, beyond the individual’s control, prevent him reaching a frequency that would constitute excess.^[28] Kinsey felt that young males particularly, obeying their own impulses, could have more than daily orgasms.^[29] In Giese and Schmidt’s investigation of German university students, only 7% had masturbated every day by the age of twelve and 11% by the age of 15.^[30] Ziegler reports the masturbation frequency of 638 German boarding school boys 12 to 18 years of age as shown in Table 3.

Table 4. Masturbation Frequency of 15- and 16-Year-Old Boys.^[31]

Kruithof and Van Ussel found that an important percentage of Flemish students masturbated daily.^[32] Hite said the same about her male sample.^[33] Hass^[34] gave the frequencies shown in Table Four for his group of 15-16-year-old boys. When boys themselves in a Dutch town took on the role of researcher and investigated members of a working-class Catholic youth organization, the frequencies given were much higher: for the whole group the average was 8 times per week.^[35] These figures would seem a better estimate of reality, given the results of the unpublished investigation of the 74 German grammar school boys already referred to: among 31 fourteen- to sixteen-year-olds, 2 claimed they did it “rarely”, 5 “from time to time”, while the remainder did it 8 to 56 times a week on average. Among the 28 younger boys (age 9-14), the six youngest claimed they never did it, three others said they did it “rarely”, nine “from time to time”, while the remainder did it from 9 to 23 times a week on average. Of the oldest 15 boys (age 16-17), one did it “rarely”, the others did it 12 to 35 times a week on average. Calculating from the total, the over-all average is 9.78 times a week. In the NISSO investigation,^[36] a relationship was found between educational level and incidence and frequency of masturbation (Table 5).

Table 5. Masturbation and Educational level.^[37]

There are many examples of very high frequencies maintained over long periods without causing any health problems. Kruithof and Van Ussel came across several university students who masturbated to climax several times a day, the last ones “dry climaxes” without any ejaculation.^[38] Abraham mentions more than one case in which orgasm was induced about ten times a day over a period of twenty years.^[39] At puberty especially, hormonal changes result in a great increase in sexual responsiveness, and many boys at that age are easily “turned on”.^[40]

In the NISSO research, only 52.3% of the 15- to 17-year-old boys thought that masturbating every day was not harmful; among the 18- to 21-year-olds this percentage had increased to 63.1% – but even in this group, one out of three youths was clearly in need of better information.^[41]

All authors agree that the incidence of masturbation is extremely high. We have already seen that it is a common phenomenon in babies^[42]; there is hardly a baby boy who doesn’t manipulate his genitals with evident pleasure.^[43] “Some kindergartens report that most of their children masturbate or show masturbatory activity at the preschool level. (…) Only in rare cases do children who have started masturbating stop. Many children try to stop for moral reasons, but very few succeed.^[44]

Although German working class youth express, in general, an aversion to masturbation, 40% of the 13-year-old boys said they had experienced it, 61% of the 14-year-olds and 82% of the 15-year-olds.^[45] An enquiry among French students and schoolboys arrived at 92% admitting experience, 5% denying it and 3% refusing to answer.^[46] Hertoft found a 93.4% figure among Danish recruits.^[47] Among 636 12- to 18- year-old German boarding school boys, only 19 of them (3%) denied that they masturbated: 11 of the 12-year-olds, 5 of the 13-year-olds, 2 of the 14-year-olds and 1 of the 16-year-olds^[48]. An Austrian psychologist put the question differently to the boys he studied. Instead of asking, “Do you ever masturbate?” he asked, “At what age did you start to masturbate?” – and this resulted in 100% of the boys admitting experience with the practice (personal communication). Kinsey’s figure^[49] that among 18-year-olds 91.8% had masturbated, provoked one joker to comment: only 8.2% of American boys were liars. Most likely, however, he was wrong, for in this research “masturbation” or “onanism” wasn’t defined and a certain percentage of boys may have assumed it meant only manual rubbing of the penis. There are those who unconsciously touch themselves when half-asleep, or thrust their penises against their mattresses or pyjamas, thus obtaining an emission, and don’t call this masturbation.^[50] In any case, the findings of the Yankowski investigation^[51] seem to reach a closer approximation of the truth: among the male subjects, 99.3% had masturbated before reaching the age of 17. Barrington found one non-masturbator among 2,500 male subjects.^[52] Abraham states simply, “100% of men and women practice masturbation, even if a large number in good faith deny it vehemently.^[53]

Continue to Masturbation: Beginning

^[1] Hanry, P., Les enfants, le sexe et nous. Toulouse: Privat, 1977, 111. Launay, Cl., Les inhibitions sexuelles chez I’adolescent. Acta Paedo-psychiatrica 36, 2: 23-26, 1969 23; Rümke, quoted by Karpman, B., The Sexual Offender and his Offenses, New York: Julian Press, 1954, p. 562. [Author’s reference]

^[2] Friday, N., Men in Love. New York: Dell, 1981, 55. [Author’s reference]

^[3] Beets 1964, 108-111 [Author’s reference, but it is not clear which is meant of two works listed in his bibliography as published by N. Beets in 1964]; Moore, W. Th., Masturbation in Adolescence. In: Marcus & Francis (Eds.), Masturbation. New York: International Universities Press, 1975, 265. [Author’s reference]

^[4] Tournier, M., Les Météores. Paris: Gallimard, 1975, 89. [Author’s reference]

^[5] Friday, N., Men in Love. New York: Dell, 1981, 412-414. [Author’s reference]

^[6] Giese, H. & Schmidt, G., Studenten-Sexualität. Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1968, 80 [Author’s reference]

^[7] Friday, N., Men in Love. New York: Dell, 1981, 261. [Author’s reference]

^[8] Sorensen, R. C., Adolescent Sexuality in Contemporary America. New York: World Publishing, 1973, 442. [Author’s reference]

^[9] Hanry, P., Les enfants, le sexe et nous. Toulouse: Privat, 1977, 105. [Author’s reference]

^[10] Boer, J. de, Gevoelige kwesties omtrent seksuele kontakten van jongeren. Zeist: NISSO, 1978, II-76. [Author’s reference]

^[11] Kolansky, H. & Moore, W. Th., Marihuana Use and Autoerotic Activity. In: Marcus & Francis (Eds.), Masturbation. New York: International Universities Press, 1975, 450-451. [Author’s reference]

^[12] Regt, W. de, Meisjes en jongens en hun seksualiteit. Deventer: Van Loghum Slaterus, 1982, 47. [Author’s reference]

^[13] Beets 1969, 145 [Author’s reference, unfortunately unidentifiable in his bibliography].

^[14] Boer, J. de, Gevoelige kwesties omtrent seksuele kontakten van jongeren. Zeist: NISSO, 1978, 88. [Author’s reference]

^[15] Moore, W. Th., Masturbation in Adolescence. In: Marcus & Francis (Eds.), Masturbation. New York: International Universities Press, 1975, 260, 275. [Author’s reference]

^[16] Bernstein, I., “Integrative Aspects of Masturbation” in: Marcus & Francis, Masturbation. New York: International University Press, 1975, p. 73. [Author’s reference]

^[17] Kruithof, J. & Ussel, J. van, Jeugd voor de muur–Vlaamse sludenten over hun seksuele problematiek. Antwerpen: Ontwikkeling, 1963, 81. [Author’s reference]

^[18] Biener, K., Jugendsexualität und Präventivmedizin. Stuttgart: Fischer, 1973, 64. [Author’s reference]

^[19] Everaerd, W., Seks—En als dat nu eens niet lukt… In: Frenken (Ed.), Seksuologie, Deventer: Van Loghum Slaterus, 1980, 260, 262. Hanry, P., Les enfants, le sexe et nous. Toulouse: Privat, 1977. 96. [Author’s reference]

^[20] Giese, H. & Schmidt, G., Studenten-Sexualität. Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1968, 79. [Author’s reference]

^[21] Hite, Sh., The Hite Report on Male Sexuality. New York: Ballantine, 1981, 579. 867. [Author’s reference]

^[22] Haeberle, E. J., The Sex Atlas. New York: Seabury, 1978, 165. [Author’s reference]

^[23] Pietropinto, A. & Simenauer, J., Gonado (Beyond the Male Myth). Katwijk aan Zee, Servire, 1979, 52. [Author’s reference]

^[24] Ellis, H., Studies in the Psychology of Sex. Philadelphia: David, 1913, VI-617-620. [Author’s reference]

^[25] Gauthier, X., Dire nos sexualités. Paris: Galilée, 1976, 214, 309. [Author’s reference]

^[26] Sorensen, R. C., Adolescent Sexuality in Contemporary America. New York: World Publishing, 1973, 138. [Author’s reference]

^[27] Haeberle, E. J., The Sex Atlas. New York: Seabury, 1978, 166, 188. [Author’s reference]

^[28] Dort, N. M., Teen-age Masturbation. Los Angeles: Spartan House, 1968, 33. [Author’s reference]

^[29] Kinsey, A. C. et al, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1948, 205. [Author’s reference]

^[30] Giese, H. & Schmidt, G., Studenten-Sexualität. Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1968, 76. [Author’s reference]

^[31] Hass, A., Teenage Sexuality. New York: Macmillan, 1979 [Author’s reference]

^[32] Kruithof, J. & Ussel, J. van, Jeugd voor de muur–Vlaamse sludenten over hun seksuele problematiek. Antwerpen: Ontwikkeling, 1963, 78. [Author’s reference]

^[33] Hite, Sh., The Hite Report on Male Sexuality. New York: Ballantine, 1981, 865-866. [Author’s reference]

^[34] Hass, A., Teenage Sexuality. New York: Macmillan, 1979, 89. [Author’s reference]

^[35] Donkers, G., Janssen, J. & Yssel, H. van den, Seks is meer… dan recht op en neer. Nijmegen: SOF, 1980, 67. [Author’s reference]

^[36] Boer, J. de, Gevoelige kwesties omtrent seksuele kontakten van jongeren. Zeist: NISSO, 1978, F-1-4. [Author’s reference]

^[37] Boer, J. de, Gevoelige kwesties omtrent seksuele kontakten van jongeren. Zeist: NISSO, 1978, [Author’s reference]

^[38] Kruithof, J. & Ussel, J. van, Jeugd voor de muur–Vlaamse sludenten over hun seksuele problematiek. Antwerpen: Ontwikkeling, 1963, 78. [Author’s reference]

^[39] Abraham, F., Les perversions sexuelles. Paris: Productions de Paris, 1969, 61. [Author’s reference]

^[40] Haeberle, E. J., The Sex Atlas, New York: Seabury, 1978, p. 165 [Author’s reference].

^[41] NISSO, Onderzoek jeugd en sex. Eerste bericht, Zeist: NISSO, 1973, p. 23 [Author’s reference].

^[42] Hoekstra 1976, 314 [Author’s reference, not identifiable in his bibliography].

^[43] Freud, S., Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie. Frankfurt a.M.: Fischer, 1920, 61. [Author’s reference]

^[44] Langfeldt. 1981, 105, 107; Hanry, P., Les enfants, le sexe et nous. Toulouse: Privat, 1977, 21. [Author’s references, the first not identifiable in his bibliography]

^[45] Schickendanz, H.-J., Homosexuelle Prostitution. Frankfurt: Campus, 1979, 143. [Author’s reference]

^[46] Hanry, P., Les enfants, le sexe et nous. Toulouse: Privat, 1977, 162. [Author’s reference]

^[47] Hertoft, P., Unge mænds seksuelle adfæd, viden og holdning. København: Akademisk Forlag, 1968, II-31. [Author’s reference]

^[48] Ziegler, A., Homosexualität , Hannover: Leine, p. 60. [Author’s reference].

^[49] Kinsey, A. C. et al, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1948, 500. [Author’s reference]

^[50] Osborne, C. 1977, II-4; Boer, J. de, Gevoelige kwesties omtrent seksuele kontakten van jongeren. Zeist: NISSO, 1978, II-71. [Author’s references, the first not identifiable in his bibliography]

^[51] Yankowski, J. S., Sex vor der Ehe. München: Lichtenberg, 1965 106. [Author’s reference]

^[52] Barrington, J. S., Sexual Alternatives for Men. London: Alternative Publishing, 1981, 112. [Author’s reference]

^[53]  Barrington, J. S., Sexual Alternatives for Men. London: Alternative Publishing, 1981, 125. [Author’s reference]