SEX WITH OTHER BOYS: FEAR OF HOMOSEXUALITY
BY EDWARD BRONGERSMA

“Sex With Other Boys: Fear of Homosexuality”, is part of “The Outlets”, the final section of “Boys and their Sexuality”, the third chapter of Loving Boys, the encyclopaedic study of Greek love by the eminent Dutch lawyer, Edward Brongersma, of which the first volume (including this) was published by Global Academic Publishers in New York in 1986.

But even in this paradise of youth a demon lurks: our culture’s fear and horror of homosexuality.^[1] At about the age of twelve, boys begin to fall prey to anti-homophile indoctrination, and between their thirteenth and fifteenth years most of them, for the first time in their lives, hear homosexuality discussed.^[2] They talk about it among themselves and in so doing intensify each other’s repugnance. Now the group will consider boys having sex with one another very abnormal.^[3] Of course the desire to conform is strong at this age – everyone wants to do what the others do. This is related to the inner uncertainty of this transitional phase.

Such fears are entirely unjustified, as “early homosexual experience does not automatically lead to adult homosexuality. (…) Homoerotic and incestuous fantasies seem to occur in almost all children and do not seem to distinguish homosexual from heterosexual children.”^[4] We may well remember Alcibiades, the most handsome youth in Athens of his time, who was said, as a boy, to have lured away all the husbands from their wives, and, as a young man, all the wives away from their husbands.^[5] Psychiatrists are aware that “perverted behaviour during adolescence may be a development step”. Homosexuality, sex with animals, trying to spy on other persons engaged in sexual intercourse, or feeling sexually excited by articles of dress or other objects (fetishism) “can appear in adolescents who give promise of good psychological health.”^[6] Hite^[7] found “No correlation between whether a boy had had sexual experience with other boys and whether he considered himself ‘homosexual’ or ‘heterosexual’ in later life. Many ‘homosexual’ men had never had relations with other boys in youth, and many ‘heterosexual’ men had had such relationships.” In Sorensen’s research, 50% of the boys agreed with the statement, “There isn’t anything in sex that I wouldn’t want to try, at least once.”^[8]

“Panic reactions on the part of communities or parents, with the communication of this sense of panic to children, is certainly not positive. (…) It may well be a fact that scare techniques that induce panic cause more widespread interference with children’s psychosexual development than do overt abnormal sexual experiences."^[9]

The most important result of homophobic indoctrination is hypocrisy. Where a group is not so indoctrinated, nearly every boy may prove willing to participate in homosexual activities and enjoy them thoroughly.

121  A big, healthy and highly gifted German boy of fifteen told me that he went on a camping trip to Corsica with 16 other boys, aged twelve to eighteen. “On the first day it was already obvious that we had a pair of lovers in our midst: a sixteen-year-old and a thirteen-year-old boy who were absolutely inseparable. Naturally, we started to tease them, but our kidding remained good-natured, never became malicious – and it didn’t bother the lovers at all. That night they shared one sleeping bag. It wasn’t completely dark inside our tent, as there was a moon outside. The rhythmic movements in the bedroll and the audible panting of its occupants made it pretty obvious what was going on within. In the morning we awakened to see them still sleeping locked in a tight embrace; a tube of Vaseline lay beside them. That day the teasing increased; it was a lot more pointed than before, but, again, it never really got nasty; as a matter of fact there was an overtone of envy in it. When finally, at the end of a marvellous day filled with play and sports, we went to sleep, it was obvious that more couples had been formed, and these boys enjoyed themselves just as openly as the first couple had. The third night everyone slept with somebody else. There were couples who remained together for the whole holiday, other boys changed their partners every night. But there wasn’t one single boy who didn’t join in with these activities, and I know we all enjoyed ourselves immensely. I’m sure, however, that if, on that first day, some senior had really put down that first pair of lovers, none of this would have happened. Nobody would have dared defy him and do what all of us really found so completely delightful.”

Sometimes boys evade social repression simply by giving things they want to do a different name. In Langfeldt’s studies “boys in such groups seldom considered themselves to be homosexuals, inside the group the homosexual activity was legitimised and considered as play or training, while the same activity outside the group was considered as homosexuality.”^[10] Davidson^[11] wrote that in London “there’s one kind of emotional attachment very common among working-class boys of the middle teens: a deep unquestioning friendship between two boys, founded on unshakable loyalty and interdependence which neither would recognise as ‘love’ and which is summed up in the phrase ‘me and my mate’. These friendships mean an absolute partnership and concurrence in everything, including sex: one of such a pair wouldn’t think of masturbating ‘without me mate’.” De Brethmas^[12] ascertained that many Parisian boys liked to suck the penis of a comrade, but got quite angry if you’d call this homosexual. It is characteristic that in De Boer’s research a substantial number of boys participating in the written questionnaire (where they remained anonymous) admitted they were sexually attracted by males, but that more than half of them denied this afterwards when they were talking face to face with the researcher.^[13] 

Boys like to have sex with each other, but usually it has to remain playful (”fooling around” they often call it) and must not become serious.

122  A New Zealand boy declared: “Me and the other guys used to suck each other in the toilets. It was really good and I was always trying to get someone to do it with me. But when we got to the fourth form I think they started to realise that I liked it more than most. At first they just wouldn’t talk about it. But after a while they started to gang up on me. They’d trip me up and write ‘queer’ on my back in chalk. Later it got quite nasty and I got bashed up so bad I had to get stitches. After that I went to another school that wasn’t so bad.”^[14]

The homophobia inspired by society, combining with the strong drive to get sexual relief through same-sex contacts normal to this age group, leads to hypocrisy, self-deception and cruelty. Games are devised where, just as in ancient Greek wrestling competitions, the loser has to abandon himself to anal penetration by the victor,^[15] and so can pretend that he didn’t give of himself of his own free will but was “raped”. Quite literally, this enables him to suffer defeat gladly. Richey’s novel Near Fatal Attraction^[16] builds its plot around this theme.

123  West^[17] quotes a psychiatrist whose client was “a particularly submissive minister of religion”. “His early sexual experience consisted of wrestling games with an older boy during which he was regularly overpowered and ‘forced’ to suck his friend’s penis.”

It is this inner uncertainty which can make boys of this age so uninhibitedly cruel, as Golding^[18] (1954) showed so brilliantly in The Lord of the Flies. “The cruelty of children, however, never has the quality of premeditation, or irrevocability, that a righteous conscience and lust for power can give to the cruelty of adults.”^[19]

Their minds are filled with images of violence and domination. Among Sorensen’s subjects, quite normal adolescents, their masturbation fantasies revolved mainly around “sex with someone who is forced to submit, sex with more than one female, group sex, sex when one is forced to submit, varying degrees of violence to the other person, oral and anal sex.”^[20]

The desire to have homosexual relations with comrades, coupled with the desire to act “macho”, drive many 13- to 17-year-olds to sexual aggression, often expressed in fighting and outright sadism. The aggressor, however, suppresses from his own consciousness the lustful sensations he experiences from such behaviour, because if he recognised them they would suggest that he might be “queer”. The truth, of course, is that he probably isn’t “queer” at all – he is just effecting a separation of sensuality and tenderness, which may have fatal consequences for the development of his personality.^[21] Sadism caused by inner fear^[22] is the central theme of Musil’s famous novel Die Verwirrungen des Zöglings Törless (1906).

124  Linedecker^[23] tells the story of a man who was thrown out of his home in California when he was thirteen “and began living in a tent in a field. He depended for his meals on handouts from a nearby food co-op, where he met an older youth who was a male prostitute. Healthy, blond, tan, and muscular from lounging at beaches and lifting weights, the prostitute offered the boy a home. Soon after that they became lovers, and the younger boy also turned to prostitution. Almost a year later the teenager had his first experience with a girl about his own age. His life changed abruptly. He moved out of the older youth’s apartment and began doing everything he could to prove to himself and to others that he was manly. He joined a street gang and fought with other teenagers.”

The aggressive veneer over his own homosexual behaviour may fully convince both his fellow-gang-members and himself that he performs anal rape only to demonstrate his virility, to dominate and humiliate his victims. Thus the prevalence of “gang-bangs”, brutal, deliberately cruel rape of a younger or weaker individual by a pack of boys. The violent penetration of one penis after another, often deliberately unlubricated even with spit, causes excruciating pain and injuries to the anus; in the end the victim may be left bleeding and unconscious. Flinders^[24] and Salas^[25] gave vivid descriptions of such scenes. According to official American sources, no less than 9% of all men and boys in penetentiaries become victims of this kind of rape. It is a sad commentary on North American culture that homosexuality outside of jail is often severely punished, even where both partners are willing, but prison authorities characteristically do little to stop homosexual rape of the men entrusted to their care: “It doesn’t matter, it just happens!”^[26]

French teenage gangs are often bonded by sex. “Sometimes there are a few female members with whom all the boys in turn have intercourse. However, homosexual activities are more frequent. During a sort of initiation ceremony, every new member of the gang is anally used by its chief. Homosexual contacts between the chief and individual gang members take place according to his sexual needs.”^[27]

Where it doesn’t find its outlet in violence and cruelty, homosexual fear can lead to the suppression of tenderness. Many boys are so inhibited by it that they cannot give any physical expression to feelings of closeness to a friend so characteristic of their age. This greatly diminishes their happiness and stunts the healthy evolution of their personalities.

125  The strongest theme in Richey’s over-charged novel^[28] was the relationship of the two main characters, Roger and Tom. As boys they once camped together alone in the woods. That night they nearly had sex together, but were each too inhibited. The trauma of this unsatisfactory experience pursues them even into adulthood, so that many years later, as family men, fathers even, they decide to repeat the experience but this time to do it right and satisfy their mutual desires. But it is not successful; it is too late. For Roger, resolution to this dilemma only comes when he meets Tom’s young son and the boy calmly, confidently, as though it were his mission, completes the sex his father had begun so many years before and brings the man to climax.

The taboo on homosexual lust places a heavy burden on youth. A physician charged with giving sexual instruction in the Rotterdam schools always told his students that if a boy had intimacies with one of his male friends and derived a lot of pleasure from it, this didn’t indicate at all that he was homophile or would become homophile. At this point the doctor invariably heard sighs of relief among his listeners and saw many faces full of happy surprise. Every person giving sexual instructions to young people should follow his example in order to dispel unjustified fears which prey on boys’ health and diminish their joy of life. Of course it should also be pointed out, clearly and emphatically, that there is nothing bad or evil in being a homophile and that homophilia is a completely acceptable, fine, loving tendency which, to a greater or lesser degree, is present in every human being. Furthermore, they should be told that sexual orientation comes about quite independently of a person’s free will, and it is therefore just as unfair and cruel to taunt a boy for homophilia as to do so about the colour of his skin.

But as long as society in general persists in its stupid and wicked practice of making life miserable for the homophile, it won’t be easy to keep young people from parroting the slogans and imitating the sick behaviour of their elders and convince them that a gay male can shape his life as happily and usefully as a “straight”.

Homophobia even sours the life of heterophile boys, as a number of males in Hite’s research^[29] attest: “In high school and college, when our friendships got too close, it was uncomfortable. We did not know how to deal with our feelings, so we let the friendship go. The taboo or fear must still be with me, because from time to time I have been attracted to a good-looking man and the feeling terrifies me.” Another: “The closeness became uncomfortable and so we pulled apart. That is sad. (…) I think we were all afraid of seeming to be gay.” Another: “Men are just so uptight about their bodies and out of touch with their emotions and so incredibly afraid (bring out the cross and silver spike) of homosexuality. I must admit I’m uncomfortable myself about it.”

If homophobia thus destroys elevating feelings and fine relationships, impairing happiness, among heterophile youngsters, it can make it hell for that minority of their brothers who gradually become conscious that their ultimate orientation will be toward other males.

126  Pieter was very popular at school because he excelled in all kinds of sports and he remembers that sexual games with other boys were rather frequent and enjoyable. At the age of 17, however, Pieter started to realise that his enjoying these sexual games much more than he did the occasional petting he had done with girls could mean that he was a homosexual. He immediately withdrew from all contacts with other boys and men that could lead to anything resembling sex. He lost his popularity and his interest in sports, became isolated “and finally was on the verge of suicide.”^[30]

In their novel Special Teachers-Special Boys^[31] Pete Fisher and Marc Rubin give a vivid picture of the terrifying inner struggle of a teenager who at first, fighting his own sexual inclination, beats up the schoolmate whose physical presence has so strongly aroused it, and who only at the end is ready to acknowledge, I am this way; this is my nature.

Here we can see, as in so many other examples, how degrading, corrupting of our culture this aversion to sexuality is. Having your fling, giving vent to youthful homosexual whims, doesn’t slow the evolution toward heterosexuality in that majority of boys for whom it is the natural orientation. Quite the contrary. The French sexologist Meignant pointed out^[32] that males should first realise their homophile tendencies, present in every individual, before they can construct the right kind of relationship with a woman. The Roman father who gave his son a young male slave so the boy could satisfy his lust and improve his “technique” until he got married showed sound insight into human nature. Sex play with a partner whose genitals are similar is relatively easy; one doesn’t have to be so adroit. Homophile couples, on average, are more expert in making love than their heterophile counterparts, as we noted already from Masters and Johnson’s observations.^[33] Mutual masturbation, however, does require some learning and practice, for every boy has his own preferences and ways of doing it. Emerging from the solitude of private masturbation, the boy gets used to being seen naked and aroused by someone else in his pursuit of lust and orgasm. All of this increases his self-confidence and selfassurance in sexual situations; it will be a great help to him later when he makes his first approaches to a girl.

Giese and Schmidt found that those youths who, between twelve and eighteen, had had homosexual experiences, were having intercourse with girls almost as often as their fellow students who hadn’t. Their success in seducing girls and their “refinement in the techniques of intercourse were even slightly greater”.^[34] 

Nature has given to maturing boys the capacity to function with both sexes. “It is certainly surprising to discover from my own research and case-histories just how high a  proportion of boys 14 to 16 are already leading a bisexual life with homosexual contacts-to-orgasm more frequent at that age than contacts to orgasm with girls or women.”^[35]

126 [sic]  A black man of 21, Jamaican, acting in erotic movies in part because of his exceptional 9-inch erect penis, had already “had” 23 girls by the time he was fifteen. “But he’d also discovered his own bisexuality by 13 and had had many white male friendships with gay and bisexual men by 17.^[36]

127  “I was shown how to masturbate by a similar-age friend and we made many sexual experiments together till I was 15 and I fell in love with a young man of 25 who loved me. He introduced me to every form of homosexual activity, and we had a four-times-a-week sex affair till I was over 16 (…) I fucked a girl-friend many times before I was 16 and was 12 the first time. Other and older girls also let me fuck them, masturbated me and sucked me off. Before I was 16 I developed strong guilt feelings about sex with men and also certain acts with girls, so I stopped going to confession or taking Communion.”^[37]

128  An Englishman of 20 writes: “I’ve got twin brothers of 16 and one of them comes to visit me at the school and joins in with the other kids for sex in the store. He has had only three screws with girls and still prefers girls but like me says it’s best to take your sex where you can.”^[38]

129  Another Englishman, 34 years: “From the age of 10-and-a-half I had a fuck-affair with my cousin, a girl of 14, for two-and-a-half years (…) Linda showed me about everything one can do with a woman. (…) I got hard alright and did everything she wanted, but I was just pleasing her and passing the time. I didn’t ejaculate or get real orgasms till I was nearly 12. I came more in wet dreams than I did with Linda. Those dreams were all about Tim, a boy at school. He was 17 and lived in the next street. I told him about Linda, of course. When he showed me how to wank at 13 he also sucked me off a few days later. Then he used my come to fuck me. We did that sort of thing a lot that summer as well as girls. (…) I fucked a few local girls at 14 and 15, but wasn’t very excited by it and when I met Chris in the school showers we stared a friendship like I had had with Tim. Then three other boys saw us in the showers. They were friends of Chris’s and they made me suck them off and then another day they all fucked me in the showers. That sort of thing went on for a few weeks. I loved it but to them it was all a joke.” After another love affair with a boy at school, he went to sea and there had sex with many men. “Most of them prefer cunt to sex with guys, but at sea life is different (…) I’ve shown 6 boys and 9 teenagers sex acts, mostly just sucking (…) At sea and in foreign ports I’ve had sex with maybe 100 guys 18 to 30, and about the same in London, Liverpool and Southampton. I like one-night stands and I don’t mind paying young guys for sex. (…) I know the game and was paid by guys up to 26, from when I was 17 to 28. (…) I’ve tried sex about six times with women in ports, mostly because I was with guys I really fancied and I had to join in, since I was 20. If I’m with a guy I really fancy I can screw a girl happily, but I couldn’t do it alone. Not anymore. I love watching guys I want fucking a girl, and if they’ll let me I like to suck them as they do it. A couple of times I was screwed by a guy while I screwed a chick, and that was terrific!”^[39]

130  Luke grew up under the most disadvantageous conditions. He was the sixth of seven children. Both parents worked and had good positions, and they lived in one of the better neighbourhoods of a Dutch town. Their children, however, were neglected, not just by lack of love but even in material things. One by one, each left home as soon as he or she was able and totally severed family contact. On the day his adult friend brought Luke to my home for the first time, it was freezing outside and the boy was shivering because he didn’t own an overcoat. Luke was a constant truant from school, with the result that now, at fourteen, he sat in a class with ten-year-olds. Two years earlier the child protection authorities had at last become aware of his truancy and intervened. They didn’t perceive its cause and the extent of his neglect (such a respectable family, such a decent home!); they were only concerned with his violating the compulsory education law and so sent the recalcitrant boy for three months to a remand home. There Luke heard and learned a lot: how to masturbate at night under his bedsheets, and that there were men willing to exchange money for sex with a boy. So, enriched with this knowledge, Luke returned to his parents. One day when he was thirteen he told his mother, “I can’t go to school any longer because my trousers are nothing but rags.” His mother gave him some money – about half as much as he would need to buy a reasonable replacement pair – and sent him to the local shopping centre. As he was standing in front of a shop window, a man approached him and, smiling kindly, said, “If you come home with me you can earn 25 guilders.” In his whole life Luke had never had so much money in his possession, and what he had heard in the remand home made him immediately aware of what services were expected of him. That night he came home with a very fine pair of trousers indeed – and enriched by experiences which had given him an enormous amount of pleasure and cried out to be repeated. But he was still rather small and naïve and he soon fell under the influence of an 18-year-old pimp who took him to various clients and “saved” his earnings for him.

As time went on Luke began to feel more and more lost and lonely, although he liked the sexual activities. One of his clients later told me that little Luke used to fondle and kiss adult male genitals with undisguised passion. One night in a bar he met a sympathetic man and confided in him his misery. The man more or less took him under his wing. When he finished school, Luke went to live with this friend and they developed a close love relationship. For the first time in his life Luke knew what it was like to be loved and to have a real home. But in the meantime his sexual appetite had grown very strong and he found that one sexual partner wasn’t sufficient to satisfy it. So he had sex with other men, and with boys, too, and his adult friend didn’t object. I once asked him – he was fifteen at the time – what kind of sexual activity he liked the most, and his answer was, “to be fucked in the ass by a boy about two years older than me.” Two years later I put the same question to him, and now he replied, “to fuck the behind of a boy my own age.” So now he was more active than passive. Later he slowly became bisexual: at eighteen he claimed to prefer boys, but he could get it on with a girl if she was rather boyish. After a holiday trip to the Costa Brava (Spain) he boasted that he had met two young couples from Holland and had had sex with all four of the people within one week. Then came a birthday party in Amsterdam with some of his young friends: there was no real group sex, but after midnight a number of couples openly made love in the same big room. Luke first had sex with a fourteen-year-old girl and shortly thereafter let himself be penetrated by a sixteen-year-old boy. Two years later, at 21, he was sharing his home with a young woman, and since then his sex life has been exclusively heterosexual. He has carefully avoided contact with his former male friends.

Such histories show how right Jesuit Father McNeill was in assuming that a man can never be certain before he is 25 whether his homosexual activities really express the predominant side of his sexual nature or belong only to a transitional period of his life.^[40] 

Continue to Sex With Men: An Impossible Love?

^[1] Hanry, P., Les enfants, le sexe et nous. Toulouse: Privat, 1977, 190. [Author’s reference]

^[2] Hertoft, P., Unge mænds seksuelle adfæd, viden og holdning. København: Akademisk Forlag, 1968, I-254. [Author’s reference]

^[3] Langfeldt, Th., Sexual Development in Children. In: Cook & Howells (Eds.), Adult Sexual Interest in Children. London: Academic Press. 1981, 42. [Author’s reference]

^[4] Langfeldt, Th., Sexual Development in Children. In: Cook & Howells (Eds.), Adult Sexual Interest in Children. London: Academic Press. 1981, 41. [Author’s reference]

^[5] Foucault, M., L’usage des plaisirs. Paris: Gallimard, 1984, 208 [Author’s reference]. The real source of this accusation against Alkibiades (by Bion) is Diogenes Laertios, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, IV 49 [Website footnote].

^[6] Markey, quoted by Karpman, B., The Sexual Offender and his Offenses, New York: Julian Press, 1954, p. 53 [Author’s reference].

^[7] Hite, Sh., The Hite Report on Male Sexuality. New York: Ballantine, 1981, 36. [Author’s reference]

^[8] Sorensen, R. C., Adolescent Sexuality in Contemporary America. New York: World Publishing, 1973, 60 [Author’s reference]

^[9] Rabinovitch, quoted by Karpman, B., The Sexual Offender and his Offenses, New York: Julian Press, 1954, p. 556 [Author’s reference].

^[10] 1981, 68 [Author’s reference, but it is not clear which of two essays by Th. Langfeldt published in 1981 and listed in the bibliography is meant].

^[11]Davidson, M., Some Boys. London: Bruce & Watson, 1971, 181. [Author’s reference]

^[12] Brethmas, J. de, Détournement de majeur. Paris: Perchoir, 1980, 26. [Author’s reference]

^[13] Boer, J. de, Gevoelige kwesties omtrent seksuele kontakten van jongeren. Zeist: NISSO, 1978, II-66. [Author’s reference]

^[14] Tuohy, F. & Murphy, M., Down Under the Plum Trees. Waiura (New Zealand): Alister Taylor, 1976, 187. [Author’s reference]

^[15] Can anyone come up with a primary source for this remarkable and most unlikely-sounding claim about Greek wrestlers? [Website footnote]

^[16] Richey, H., Near Fatal Attraction. Port Washington (NY): Ashley, 1977, [Author’s reference]

^[17] West, D., Homosexuality Re-Examined. London: Duckworth, 1977, 105-106. [Author’s reference]

^[18] Golding, W., Lord of the Flies. 6. New York: Capricorn Books, 1954. [Author’s reference]

^[19] Schérer, R. & Hocquenghem, G., Co-ire - Album systématique de l’enfance.  Recherches 22, 1976, 58. [Author’s reference]

^[20] Sorensen, R. C., Adolescent Sexuality in Contemporary America. New York: World Publishing, 1973, 137. [Author’s reference]

^[21] Kentler, H., Sexual-erziehung. Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1970, 183-184. [Author’s reference]

^[22] Mitscherlich, A., Pubertät und Tradition. In: Grunert-Bronnen (Ed.), Pubertät. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1973, 217. [Author’s reference]

^[23] Linedecker, C. L., Children in Chains. New York: Everest House, 1981, 288-289. [Author’s reference]

^[24] Flinders, K. The Boy Avengers. New York: Traveller’s Companion, 1971, [Author’s reference]

^[25] Salas, F., Tatoo the Wicked Cross. New York: Grove Press, 1967, [Author’s reference]

^[26] Bouwmeester, Ph. den, Ruig. Sekstant 7/8: 29-30, 1981, 29-30. Davis. A. J., Sexual Assaults in the Philadelphia Prison System and Sheriff’s Vans. 10. Trans-Action 6, 2: 8-16, 1968,  [Author’s reference]

^[27] Schlegel, W. S., Die Sexualinstinkte des Menschen. München: Rütten & Loening, 1962, 205-206. [Author’s reference]

^[28] Richey, H., Near Fatal Attraction. Port Washington (NY): Ashley, 1977, [Author’s reference]

^[29] Hite, Sh., The Hite Report on Male Sexuality. New York: Ballantine, 1981, 20. [Author’s reference]

^[30] Schippers, J., Relations and Interaction Between Homosexual Men. In: Duyves et al (Eds.), Among Men, Among Women. Amsterdam: Gay-Studies and Women’s Studies University of Amsterdam Conference, 1983, 363. [Author’s reference]

^[31] Fisher, P. & Rubin, M., Special Teachers, Special Boys, New York: St. Martin’s press, 1979. [Author’s reference].

^[32] Meignant, M., Le droit à l’orgasme. Arcadie 21, 2 (232): 106-115, 1974, 11. [Author’s reference]

^[33] Masters, W. H. & Johnson, V. E., Homoseksualiteit. Deventer: Van Loghum Slaterus, 1980, [Author’s reference]

^[34] Giese, H. & Schmidt, G., Studenten-Sexualität. Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1968, 177. [Author’s reference]

^[35] Barrington, J. S., Sexual Alternatives for Men. London: Alternative Publishing, 1981, 84. [Author’s reference]

^[36] Barrington, J. S., Sexual Alternatives for Men. London: Alternative Publishing, 1981, 43. [Author’s reference]

^[37] Barrington, J. S., Sexual Alternatives for Men. London: Alternative Publishing, 1981, 207. [Author’s reference]

^[38] Barrington, J. S., Sexual Alternatives for Men. London: Alternative Publishing, 1981, 39. [Author’s reference]

^[39] Barrington, J. S., Sexual Alternatives for Men. London: Alternative Publishing, 1981, 126-127. [Author’s reference]

^[40] McNeill, J. J., The Church and the Homosexual. New York: Pocket Books, 1976, 174. [Author’s reference]