LETTERS ON THE GALLANTRIES OF BERLIN: XVI
Briefe über die Galanterien von Berlin, auf einer Reise gesammlet von einem österreichischen Offizier (Letters on the Gallantries of Berlin, Collected on a Journey by an Austrian Officer) was published in Gotha in 1782. The author and publisher were not named, but bibliographical research has established that they were respectively the Austrian journalist, actor and soldier Johann Friedel (1755-1789) and Carl Wilhelm Ettinger.
The letters were twenty-nine, written to an unnamed and perhaps fictitious correspondent. They describe social, especially sexual, customs observed by Friedel in Berlin. Four of them, the fifteenth to eighteenth, were revealing about the social scene involving what he variously called the warm society, paederasts, lovers of boys and sodomites. Some parts of them describe what was clearly androphile behaviour rather than Greek love, but an assumption runs through them all that love of boys of a broad age range was central to the tastes of the men described, reflecting the general confusion that prevailed in the great cities of eighteenth century northern Europe, where androphiles challenging traditional gender roles had begun to displace pederasts in the popular imagination of sodomy.
Presented here is the whole of the sixteenth letter, translated into English for the first time for this website. Unlike the others, which describe the practice of Greek love, this one is concerned only with if and how sodomy should be punished.
|
Sixteenth Letter. My dearest friend! |
Sechzehnter Brief. Theuerster Freund! |

|
Beccaria says: “The love of boys and other irregular commingling of the flesh, for which the laws—and who would have thought it?—have ordained the flames, and on account of which the judge hastens joyfully to torture, has its origin in the passions of people who are brought together in close confinement, as though they were slaves. It arises not so much from a disgusting satiety with ordinary pleasures as from that defective education which, in order to make men useful to others, renders them useless to themselves. In institutions where ardent young people are shut up together and an insurmountable barrier is erected against their intercourse with the opposite sex, nature, just as it is beginning to unfold, squanders its powers to no purpose and brings old age down prematurely upon their necks.”[1] |
Beccaria sagt: „Die Knabenliebe und andre unordentliche Vermischung des Fleisches, worauf die Gesetze (und wer sollte es denken?) das Feuer gesetzet, und um derentwillen der Richter mit Freuden zur Marter eilet, nimmt ihren Ursprung aus den Leidenschaften der sklavischen und in enge Gesellschaft vereinigten Menschen. Nicht sowohl aus der ekelhaften Sättigung an gewöhnlichen Ergötzlichkeiten, als vielmehr aus derjenigen fehlerhaften Erziehung, welche die Menschen, um sie andern nützlich zu machen, sich selbst unnütze macht. In solchen Häusern, wo man eine feurige Jugend zusammen sperret, und ihr einen unübersteiglichen Damm wider den Umgang mit dem andern Geschlechte vorbauet, dergestalt, daß die Natur, die sich eben entwickelt, ihre Kräfte auf eine unnütze Weise verschleudert, und das Alter sich über den Hals ziehet.“ |
[Hommel image]

|
I am very much disposed today to add glosses even to weighty observations. |
Ich bin heute sehr aufgelegt, zu großen Anmerkungen noch Glossen zu machen. |
[Voltaire image]

|
Yet any thinking mind free from prejudice must always admit that a man not only neglects the primary purpose for which he was placed in the world but actually profanes it—even in the strictest sense—when he consecrates himself as a priest of Baal to pederasty. |
Allein ein denkender, von Vorurtheilen freyer Kopf wird allemal gestehen müssen, daß er die erste Bestimmung, weswegen der Mensch in die Welt gesetzet worden, nicht nur dadurch vernachlässige, sondern sogar — auch im strengsten Verstande genommen — entheilige, wenn er sich zum Baalspriester der Päderastie einweihet. |
[Onanism image]

|
For now, I wish only to add the following to Councillor Hommel’s observation about Onan: although he discerned the true cause of Onan’s death with perfect acuity, I also wish that he had done justice to the historian’s subtlety. |
Indessen will ich hier nur zu der Bemerkung des Herrn Hofrath Hommels über den Onan noch diese hinzusetzen: daß er zwar vollkommen scharfsichtig die wahre Ursache von Onans Tod bemerkte, aber daß ich auch wünsche, er hätte der Finesse des Geschichtsschreibers Gerechtigkeit widerfahren lassen. |
[girls image]

|
But away with “one would”, “it would” and the like! The subject now is—and ought to be nothing other than—the statu causae, the facts of the matter as they actually exist. Telescopes that show my eye objects only within the orbit of Sirius are telescopes; but my own eye, which depicts objects immediately before me, is of infinitely greater value to me. |
Doch weg mit dem man würde, es würde, und dergleichen! Jetzt ist — und soll auch nur seyn, — die Rede von dem statu causae, wie er wirklich ist. — Ferngläser, die nur in dem Cirkel des Sirius meinem Auge Gegenstände zeigen, sind — Ferngläser; und mein Auge, das mir die Gegenstände ganz in der Nähe vormalet, ist für mich unendlich mehr werth. |
Continue to the seventeenth letter.
[1] The German of which this is a translation is itself a translation of the Italian jurist Cesare Beccaria’s famous Enlightenment work Dei delitti e delle pene (On Crimes and Punishments), first published anonymously in 1764 and best known for its condemnation of torture and the death penalty. The translation into German is not Friedel’s own, but is taken from the next work he alludes to, Karl Ferdinand Hommel’s edited translation of Beccaria in 1778. [Website note]
[2] The passage which follows is quoted from the Leipzig jurist Karl Ferdinand Hommel (1722-81)’s influential German edition of Beccaria, Des Herrn Marquis von Beccaria unsterbliches Werk von Verbrechen und Strafen, published in Breslau in 1778. This included extensive commentary by Hommel, of which the quoted passage is an example. [Website note]
[3] “Self-pollution”, sometimes referred to as the sin of Onan (the name of a man killed by God for resorting to it in Genesis chapter 38), means masturbation, the subject of furious condemnation in 18th-century Europe (with interesting parallels to that of Greek love in the 21st). [Website note]
[4] Hommel’s sarcastic “Ergo!” is the punch-line to his demonstration through this example of how absurd traditional criminal-law reasoning could become when biblical terminology was treated as legal taxonomy. [Website note]
[5] The Fifteenth Letter. [Website note]
[6] Here Friedel begins to quote from Voltaire’s essay on “Socratic Love” in his Dictionnaire philosophique anonymously published in Geneva in June 1764. This continues down to “Alcibiades as a weakness.” Friedel then paraphrases Voltaire for the rest of the sentence in which that appears. His final supposedly quoted paragraph (mentioning Lais and Phryne) appears to be his own invention, as it is not in Voltaire’s essay. [Website note]
[7] This is a direct quotation by Voltaire of Ovid’s Metamorphoses X 84-5. Ovid was describing Orpheus’s introduction to the Thracians of the practise of loving boys. The quoted words mean, “and enjoying the springtime and first flower of their youth.” [Website note]
[8] This paragraph has been invented by Friedel or another, as it is not in Voltaire’s essay on “Socratic Love”. It may well, however, have been inspired by Voltaire’s mention of Phryne and Lais, in his preceding essay in the same Dictionnaire philosophique on “Love”. In any case, Friedel (or perhaps another he copied) is here expanding on Voltaire to make his own point that once a youth has reached maturity and has actually experienced women, the excuse of méprise de la nature (error of nature) disappears.
Phryne and Lais were two famous ancient Greek courtesans and thus emblematic desirable women. [Website note]
[9] Barbara and Celarent are traditional mnemonic names for forms of syllogism in Aristotelian logic. Friedel is thus mocking the idea that formal philosophical argument can reason someone out of a sexual inclination. [Website note]
[10] This is one of several 18th-century concerns Friedel raised against pederasty which Jeremy Bentham also addressed in his essay Offences Against One’s Self: Paederasty written around the same date (though not published until 1978). Bentham also quoted from Beccaria for his argument. [Website note]
[11] Stax and Parfax appear to be facetious invented names for hypothetical people, equivalent to talking of an invented Tomkins and Bumpkins in English. [Website note]
Comments powered by CComment